V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena na pravd\u011b, pe\u010dliv\u00e9m zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed a d\u016fkazech, bohu\u017eel ne v\u017edy spl\u0148uje tato ide\u00e1ln\u00ed krit\u00e9ria. V historii v\u011bdy existuje n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy v\u011bdci podv\u00e1d\u011bli, fal\u0161ovali data nebo zatajovali d\u016fkazy, \u010d\u00edm\u017e v\u00e1\u017en\u011b po\u0161kodili v\u011bdeck\u00fd pokrok a d\u016fv\u011bru ve\u0159ejnosti. Podvody v t\u00e9to oblasti nejen ovlivnily v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunity, ale i \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost, kter\u00e1 byla vystavena nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdm informac\u00edm. Poj\u010fme se pod\u00edvat na n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch podvod\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Piltdownsk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk (1912)<\/strong> 2. Andreas Vesalius a fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed anatomick\u00fdch studi\u00ed (16. stolet\u00ed)<\/strong> 3. HeLa bu\u0148ky \u2013 neetick\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed vzorku (1951)<\/strong> 4. Fale\u0161n\u00e9 vakc\u00edny \u2013 Andrew Wakefield (1998)<\/strong> 5. Stanly Pons a Martin Fleischmann \u2013 studen\u00e1 f\u00faze (1989)<\/strong> 6. Franz Anton Mesmer a \u201emesmerismus\u201c (18. stolet\u00ed)<\/strong> Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong> V\u011bda, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zalo\u017eena na pravd\u011b, pe\u010dliv\u00e9m zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed a d\u016fkazech, bohu\u017eel ne v\u017edy spl\u0148uje tato ide\u00e1ln\u00ed krit\u00e9ria. V historii v\u011bdy existuje n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy v\u011bdci podv\u00e1d\u011bli, fal\u0161ovali data…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2443,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zajimavosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2442","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2442"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2442\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2443"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2442"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2442"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bydlime-stylove.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2442"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Jedn\u00edm z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch podvod\u016f v oblasti paleontologie je objev tzv. Piltdownsk\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka. V roce 1912 nalezl anglick\u00fd amat\u00e9rsk\u00fd archeolog Charles Dawson \u201epoz\u016fstatky\u201c prehistorick\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly \u00fadajn\u011b dokazovat, \u017ee evoluce prob\u00edhala jinak, ne\u017e v\u011bdci p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali. Podle jeho n\u00e1lezu m\u011bl m\u00edt tento druh \u010dlov\u011bka kombinaci primitivn\u00ed \u010delisti a modern\u00edho mozku, co\u017e by bylo d\u016fkazem, \u017ee lid\u00e9 a opice nevyb\u0159edli z jedn\u00e9 linie. Tento \u201eobjev\u201c byl v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 let uzn\u00e1v\u00e1n, dokud nebyl v roce 1953 prok\u00e1z\u00e1n jako podvod. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee poz\u016fstatky byly um\u011ble upraven\u00e9 a poch\u00e1zely z kombinace zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed \u010delisti a lidsk\u00e9ho lebky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Andreas Vesalius je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zakladatele modern\u00ed anatomie, ale v jeho dob\u011b nebyla v\u011bdeck\u00e1 metoda je\u0161t\u011b dostate\u010dn\u011b rozvinut\u00e1, a tak do\u0161lo k n\u011bkolika sporn\u00fdm praktik\u00e1m. V\u011bdeck\u00fd sv\u011bt mu p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 objev n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch poznatk\u016f, ale existuje n\u011bkolik n\u00e1zor\u016f, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti jeho prac\u00ed byly zalo\u017eeny na fal\u0161ovan\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00edch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch pitv\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 popisoval ve sv\u00e9 knize De humani corporis fabrica<\/em>, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00e9, zda v\u0161echny popisovan\u00e9 \u00fakony byly skute\u010dn\u011b provedeny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V roce 1951 v\u011bdci pou\u017eili vzorky rakovinn\u00fdch bun\u011bk \u017eeny jm\u00e9nem Henrietta Lacks, kter\u00e9 se staly z\u00e1kladn\u00edm kamenem mnoha v\u011bdeck\u00fdch pokrok\u016f v oblasti genetiky a v\u00fdzkumu rakoviny. Tento vzorek, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako HeLa bu\u0148ky, byl odebr\u00e1n bez souhlasu pacientky a jej\u00ed rodiny. I kdy\u017e byly bu\u0148ky kladn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro pokroky v l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, etick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka ohledn\u011b nedostate\u010dn\u00e9ho informovan\u00e9ho souhlasu a ne\u010destn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u016f\u010di Lacksov\u00e9 a jej\u00edm bl\u00edzk\u00fdm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kontroverzn\u00ed. Tento p\u0159\u00edpad uk\u00e1zal, jak v\u011bdeck\u00fd pokrok m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt na \u00fakor lidsk\u00e9 d\u016fstojnosti a pr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V roce 1998 britsk\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 Andrew Wakefield publikoval studii v odborn\u00e9m \u010dasopise The Lancet<\/em>, ve kter\u00e9 tvrdil, \u017ee existuje spojitost mezi o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00edm proti spalni\u010dk\u00e1m, p\u0159\u00edu\u0161nic\u00edm a zard\u011bnk\u00e1m (MMR) a autismem. Tento v\u00fdzkum vedl k masivn\u00edmu poklesu d\u016fv\u011bry v o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a vzniku antivakcina\u010dn\u00edch hnut\u00ed, co\u017e m\u011blo v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji byla v\u0161ak tato studie vyvr\u00e1cena, Wakefieldova data byla fal\u0161ov\u00e1na, a jeho licence byla zru\u0161ena. Tento podvod m\u011bl dlouhodob\u00fd dopad na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed a zp\u016fsobil \u0159adu zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch nemoc\u00ed a \u00famrt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by se o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00edm daly p\u0159edej\u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V roce 1989, dva v\u011bdci z Univerzity v Utahu, Stanley Pons a Martin Fleischmann, ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee dos\u00e1hli studen\u00e9 f\u00faze \u2013 procesu, kter\u00fd by umo\u017enil vytv\u00e1\u0159et energii bez zjevn\u00e9ho zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e by bylo revolu\u010dn\u00ed pro energetick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. V\u011bdci tvrdili, \u017ee dok\u00e1zali dos\u00e1hnout f\u00fazn\u00edho procesu p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b. To zp\u016fsobilo celosv\u011btovou pozornost a nad\u0161en\u00ed. Brzy se v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee jejich v\u00fdsledky nebyly replikovateln\u00e9 a \u017ee jejich experimenty obsahovaly chyby. V\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita tento objev odm\u00edtla, a to i kv\u016fli nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 kontrole dat a pochybn\u00fdm experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Franz Anton Mesmer, rakousk\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159, se stal zn\u00e1m\u00fdm d\u00edky sv\u00e9 teorii o \u201emagnetismu\u201c a jeho schopnosti l\u00e9\u010dit r\u016fzn\u00e9 nemoci pomoc\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch sil. Mesmer tvrdil, \u017ee \u201emagnetismus\u201c mohl vyl\u00e9\u010dit \u0159adu nemoc\u00ed, a jeho techniky byly velmi popul\u00e1rn\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b modern\u00ed v\u011bda prok\u00e1zala, \u017ee Mesmerovy metody nebyly ni\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm ne\u017e podvodem, proto\u017ee jejich \u00fa\u010dinky byly zp\u016fsobeny pouze placebo efektem. Tento p\u0159\u00edklad ukazuje, jak v\u011bdeck\u00fd podvod m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt popul\u00e1rn\u00ed i v \u00e9\u0159e, kdy v\u011bda je\u0161t\u011b nebyla dostate\u010dn\u011b vyvinut\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u011bdeck\u00e9 podvody a fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed dat nejsou v historii v\u011bdy \u017e\u00e1dnou novinkou. A\u010dkoliv mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f byly nakonec odhaleny, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, jak mnoho podobn\u00fdch podvod\u016f z\u016fstalo neodhaleno. V\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita dnes klade velk\u00fd d\u016fraz na etiku a transparentnost, aby se podobn\u00fdm situac\u00edm vyhnula. D\u016fv\u011bra ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9 metody je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro pokrok, a proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby i v\u011bdci odpov\u011bdn\u011b p\u0159istupovali k sv\u00fdm v\u00fdzkum\u016fm a p\u0159izn\u00e1vali chyby, kdykoli to bude nutn\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"